Copper (Cu)

Copper is a reddish, highly conductive transition metal used widely in electrical wiring, electronics, alloys (bronze, brass), plumbing, and coinage.

Atomic Number
29
Atomic Mass
63.546
Phase (STP)
Solid
Block
D
Electronegativity (Pauling)
1.9

Bohr Atomic Model

Protons
29
Neutrons
34
Electrons
29
Identity
Atomic Number29
SymbolCu
NameCopper
Group11
Period4
Position
Period4
Group Label11
Grid X11
Grid Y4
Physical Properties
Atomic Mass (u)63.546
Density (g/cm³)8.96
Melting Point (K)1357.77 K 1084.62 °C
Boiling Point2833 K 2562 °C
Phase at STPSolid
CategoryTransition Metals
Liquid Density (g/cm³)8.02
Molar Volume (cm³/mol)7.09
Emission Spectrum (nm)—
Discovery
English NameCopper
English Pronunciationˈkɒpər
Latin NameCuprum
Latin PronunciationKOO-prum
Year—
Discoverer-
Country—
CAS Number7440-50-8
CID Number23978
RTECS Number—
Atomic Properties
Electron ShellK2 L8 M18 N1
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d^1^04s^1
Oxidation States+1 +2 +3
Ion ChargeCu+, Cu2+
Ionization Potential (eV)7.726
Electronegativity (Pauling)1.9
Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)119.159
Electrons29
Protons29
Neutrons34
ValenceI, II
BlockD
Atomic Radius (pm)128
Covalent Radius (pm)122
van der Waals Radius (pm)196
Thermodynamic Properties
PhaseSOLID
Heat of Fusion (kJ/mol)13.26
Specific Heat (J/g·K)0.385
Thermal Expansion (1/K)0
Heat of Vaporization (kJ/mol)300.4
Mechanical Properties
Brinell Hardness35
Mohs Hardness3
Vickers Hardness50
Bulk Modulus (GPa)140
Young's Modulus (GPa)110
Shear Modulus (GPa)48
Poisson Ratio0.34
Sound Speed (m/s)3570
Refractive Index—
Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)401
Electromagnetic Properties
Electrical Conductivity (S/m)59600000
Electrical TypeCONDUCTOR
Magnetic TypeDIAMAGNETIC
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility0
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility—
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility—
Resistivity (Ω·m)0
Superconducting Point (K)—
Crystal Properties
StructureFace-centered cubic (fcc)
SystemCUBIC
Space GroupFm-3m (No. 225)
a (Å)3.615
b (Å)3.615
c (Å)3.615
α (°)90
β (°)90
γ (°)90
Debye Temperature (K)343
Nuclear Properties
RadioactiveNo
Half-life—
Lifetime—
Neutron Cross-section (barn)3.78
Safety Information
Health Hazard—
Reactivity Hazard—
Specific HazardDust/fume may cause irritation; metal is highly conductive
Prevalence
Universe—
Sun—
Oceans—
Human Body0.0001
Earth Crust0.0068
Meteorites—