Nickel (Ni)

Nickel is a hard, silvery-white transition metal. It is corrosion-resistant, forms alloys (notably stainless steel), and is ferromagnetic at room temperature.

Atomic Number
28
Atomic Mass
58.693
Phase (STP)
Solid
Block
D
Electronegativity (Pauling)
1.91

Bohr Atomic Model

Protons
28
Neutrons
31
Electrons
28
Identity
Atomic Number28
SymbolNi
NameNickel
Group10
Period4
Position
Period4
Group Label10
Grid X10
Grid Y4
Physical Properties
Atomic Mass (u)58.693
Density (g/cm³)8.9
Melting Point (K)1728 K 1455 °C
Boiling Point3186 K 2913 °C
Phase at STPSolid
CategoryTransition Metals
Liquid Density (g/cm³)7.81
Molar Volume (cm³/mol)6.59
Emission Spectrum (nm)—
Discovery
English NameNickel
English Pronunciationˈnɪkəl
Latin NameNiccolum
Latin Pronunciation—
Year1751
DiscovererAxel Fredrik Cronstedt
CountrySweden
CAS Number7440-02-0
CID Number935
RTECS Number—
Atomic Properties
Electron ShellK2 L8 M16 N2
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d^84s^2
Oxidation States-1 +1 +2 +3 +4
Ion ChargeNi²⁺, Ni³⁺
Ionization Potential (eV)7.64
Electronegativity (Pauling)1.91
Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)111.537
Electrons28
Protons28
Neutrons31
ValenceII
BlockD
Atomic Radius (pm)124
Covalent Radius (pm)117
van der Waals Radius (pm)197
Thermodynamic Properties
PhaseSOLID
Heat of Fusion (kJ/mol)17.48
Specific Heat (J/g·K)0.444
Thermal Expansion (1/K)0
Heat of Vaporization (kJ/mol)377.5
Mechanical Properties
Brinell Hardness700
Mohs Hardness4
Vickers Hardness638
Bulk Modulus (GPa)180
Young's Modulus (GPa)200
Shear Modulus (GPa)76
Poisson Ratio0.31
Sound Speed (m/s)4900
Refractive Index—
Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K)90.9
Electromagnetic Properties
Electrical Conductivity (S/m)14300000
Electrical TypeCONDUCTOR
Magnetic TypeFERROMAGNETIC
Volume Magnetic Susceptibility—
Mass Magnetic Susceptibility—
Molar Magnetic Susceptibility—
Resistivity (Ω·m)0
Superconducting Point (K)—
Crystal Properties
StructureFace-centered cubic (fcc)
SystemCUBIC
Space GroupFm-3m
a (Å)3.523
b (Å)3.523
c (Å)3.523
α (°)90
β (°)90
γ (°)90
Debye Temperature (K)450
Nuclear Properties
RadioactiveNo
Half-life—
Lifetime—
Neutron Cross-section (barn)—
Safety Information
Health Hazard—
Reactivity Hazard—
Specific HazardSkin sensitizer; toxic metal fumes when heated
Prevalence
Universe—
Sun—
Oceans—
Human Body—
Earth Crust0.009
Meteorites—