Ray Optics

Reflection, refraction, mirrors, lenses and optical instruments explained through simple, straight-line light paths.

1.Introduction to Ray Optics
A simple introduction to ray optics, where light is treated as straight-line rays to explain reflection and refraction.
2.Nature and Speed of Light
Learn what light is, how it travels, and why its speed changes in different mediums.
3.Reflection of Light
Understand how light bounces back from a surface and the basic laws of reflection.
4.Plane Mirrors
Simple explanation of image formation in plane mirrors and why images appear behind the mirror.
5.Spherical Mirrors
Learn about concave and convex mirrors, their focal points and how they form images.
6.Mirror Formula and Magnification
Understand the mirror formula and how magnification tells us the size of the image formed by a mirror.
7.Refraction of Light
Beginner-friendly explanation of how light bends when it moves from one medium to another.
8.Refractive Index
Learn what refractive index means and why different materials bend light differently.
9.Snell’s Law
Understand the mathematical law governing how much light bends during refraction.
10.Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection
Learn what happens when light tries to move from a denser medium to a rarer medium and bends completely inside.
11.Prisms
Understand how prisms bend and disperse light into colours using refraction.
12.Lenses
Basic idea of convex and concave lenses and how they converge or diverge light.
13.Lens Formula and Magnification
Learn the lens formula and how magnification helps in finding image size and nature.
14.Image Formation by Lenses
Step-by-step explanation of how lenses form images at different object positions.
15.Power of a Lens
Learn how the power of a lens measures its ability to bend light and why it is expressed in dioptres.
16.Combination of Lenses
Understand how two or more lenses placed together affect the final image formation.
17.Optical Instruments
Study common optical instruments like the microscope, telescope, and the human eye.
18.Defects of Vision
Learn about myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism and how lenses correct these defects.
19.Human Eye and Its Working
Simple explanation of how the human eye focuses light and forms images.