Thermodynamics

Zeroth, first and second laws, heat engines, entropy and thermodynamic processes.

1.Introduction to Thermodynamics
A simple explanation of what thermodynamics is and how it studies heat, energy and the way they move.
2.Basic Terms in Thermodynamics
Understand key ideas like system, surroundings, state, process, and equilibrium in very simple language.
3.Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Learn how the zeroth law defines temperature and thermal equilibrium in everyday situations.
4.Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
Beginner-friendly explanation of how temperature tells us the hotness and coldness of a body.
5.First Law of Thermodynamics
Understand the law of conservation of energy in heat processes, explained easily with real-life examples.
6.Internal Energy
Learn what internal energy means and how it depends on the microscopic motion of particles.
7.Work Done in Thermodynamic Processes
A simple explanation of how work is done by or on a gas during expansion and compression.
8.Heat and Transfer of Heat
Understand how heat flows from hotter to colder bodies and what we mean by heat and thermal energy.
9.Thermodynamic Processes
Learn about isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and isochoric processes in an easy and clear way.
10.P–V Curve and Process Representation
Simple introduction to pressure–volume diagrams and how thermodynamic processes are shown graphically.
11.Second Law of Thermodynamics
Understand why some processes happen in only one direction using simple daily-life examples.
12.Entropy
Beginner-friendly explanation of entropy as a measure of disorder and why nature prefers higher entropy.
13.Heat Engines
Learn how engines convert heat into work using practical, easy-to-understand explanations.
14.Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
Understand how refrigerators move heat from cold to hot regions using work input.
15.Carnot Engine
Simple explanation of the Carnot engine as an ideal heat engine with maximum possible efficiency.
16.Efficiency of Heat Engines
Learn how to calculate engine efficiency and what affects the conversion of heat into useful work.
17.Limitations of Thermodynamics
Understand what thermodynamics cannot explain, leading to modern physics and microscopic theories.